2023.3

The article focuses on the main features of the spiritual life of Central Arabia in the first half of the 18th century including non-Islamic cults widely spread in Najd during the period before the rise of the first Wahhabi state. The study is based on works of the founder of Wahhabism Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792) including his personal correspondence and public messages as well as the historical works of early Wahhabi scholars. Its study became the basis for the reconstruction of the religious situation in this part of the Arabian Peninsula and its comprehensive analysis allows to conclude that pagan cults represented by different variations of fetishism were one of the main components of the spiritual life of these agricultural regions. In addition to that its significance was comparable to the traditional and deviant forms of Islam.

Terentii F. Shtykov, the conductor of the Soviet policy on the Korean Peninsula after the liberation of Korea, played a key role in the realization of his country’s interests. The USSR set the main goal of its policy on the Korean Peninsula to create a Soviet-friendly government, so that the Korean Peninsula would not fall under the influence of other powers that posed a threat to its security. T. Shtykov was at the forefront of achieving these political goals. Since the establishment of the Provisional Government of Korea under the agreement between the USA and the USSR failed at the 2nd Joint US-Soviet Commission in 1947, the Soviet leadership sought a solution to the Korean problem through proposals such as the simultaneous withdrawal of US and Soviet troops. However, this plan had no choice but to be accepted as a justification for making the division of the country a fait accompli. Although T. Shtykov once considered holding a general election between North and South on population proportions in accordance of the US proposal, he was not sure that this would necessarily benefit his country. So when South Korea moved to establish a separate government, North Korea followed the same path. For T. Shtykov, the creation of a Soviet-friendly government on the Korean Peninsula, not socialist, but at least pro-Soviet, was a plan minimum.

In the article, the author explores the phenomenon of «Gathering Painting» kyehoedo in Korean traditional painting of the Chosŏn era (1392–1910). Within the genre of «Documentary Painting» kirokhwa, «Gathering Painting» has developed over the centuries as an independent artistic form, which had memorial significance and conveyed the intellectual and spiritual searches of Confucian scholars within the framework of a national corporate culture. Being a product of historical memory, kyehoedo painting reflected the socio-political context, showed certain forms of Korean everyday culture, described and explained the development of individual social groups. The work analyses the source of kyehoe meetings of Confucian scholars that originate from the ancient associations of community members of the pre-state period. Over time, gatherings of intellectuals became an indispensable part of the life of an official in Korea, being one of the types of social relations within the bureaucratic elite, and a means of close ties intensification. The evolution of the meetings of intellectuals reflected their gradual institutionalization as a result of the strengthening of the neo-Confucianism positions in Korean society, which strived for definition and hierarchy not only in the structure of the state apparatus, but also in interpersonal relations. The author traces changes in the composition and technique of kyehoedo paintings from idyllic landscapes, made in ink, to bright and detailed everyday scenes, and concludes that historical processes naturally led to transformation of typical plots and revision of aesthetic values of Korean officials, which mirrored their cultural needs and aspirations.

This article presents a general historical outline of medieval Korea legal system formation in the period of 1392–1484: from the Chosŏn Dynasty foundation to the approval and publication of the most important source on the matter — the Great Code of State Administration, the “Kyŏngguk Taejŏn” of the year Ŭlsa. The unified code of laws was intended to become the basis for the design of a new socio-political system, the fundamentals of which were determined by the tasks of overcoming regional autonomy, centralization, and unification of government as well as concentration of economic resources under state control. The publication briefly outlines the main stages of the legislative codification and reflects on the main aspects of the domestic political development of the country that influenced this process. The main sources for the writing are, in addition to the Great Code itself, the True Records of the Joseon Dynasty — the main annals of Korea in the 14th–19th centuries.

The period of king Injong’s reign (the second quarter of the 12th century) was specially chosen to describe the history of Koryŏ–Song relations. Active contacts between the Korean state Koryŏ (918–1392) and the Chinese Song Empire (960–1279) began in the 11th century. They developed in several directions. First, it was an exchange of diplomatic missions of equal status: in peaceful years, states exchanged one or two embassies annually, and merchants who had a certain freedom of action and did not depend much on the political situation sometimes brought messages from the Song. Trade exchange developed more actively, including the neighboring state of Liao (907–1125), with which the Song conducted indirect trade through Koryŏ. The last direction was mutual trips of Buddhist monks and the exchange of religious literature. At the beginning of the 12th century, both states faced enormous difficulties in domestic politics: the uprisings of Lee Jagyŏm and Myoch’ŏn in Koryŏ, and Song Jiang and Fang La in Song. In addition, both states faced a serious external threat in the face of the Jin state (1115–1234), which in 1126 forced Koryŏ to recognize vassalage, and in 1127 tore off the northern territories from the Song, marking the beginning of the division into the epochs of the Northern and Southern dynasties. Song repeatedly asked Koryŏ to take its side against Jin, but the Korean king preferred to observe neutrality first, and then submit to the Jurchen state in order to avoid war. This attitude caused dissatisfaction with the Song government, but it had no way to influence the decisions of the Korean neighbor. Shortly after the final loss of the northern territories, the Southern Song practically ceased official diplomatic contacts with Koryŏ.

Joining research of the phenomenon of enantiosemy (auto-antonymy) in different languages of the world, the article deals with examples from fictional literature (including those found in Japanese language corpus), where one can observe auto-antonymy in the meaning of the verb kureru “give”. This is the first work exploring semantics of a Japanese lexeme from the point of view of enantiosemy. Based on analysis of usage of this verb as auxiliary we suggest there is a semantic shift, which leads to simultaneously existing benefactive and malefactive meaning, and also differently directed vectors of the act described by the verb (either “from within to outside” vs “inside from the outside” or “from the second or third person to the first person” vs “from the first person to the second or third person”). Results of the informant survey (60 people, aged from 18 to 45 and older) confirm existence of antonymous meanings and differently directed vectors of the act, depending on the semantics of the main verb and context, including grammatical context.

In this paper, some morphological features of the Kyŏngsang dialect of the Korean language are studied. The adaptation of the story “The Little Prince” by A. de Saint-Exupery into the Kyŏngsang dialect was chosen as a text material. The paper establishes correspondences between the predicative endings and nominal particles of the standard Seoul language and Kyŏngsang endings and particles in the studied text. First, for a given pair of correlative endings, the frequency of replacing the standard ending with a dialect ending in the text of “The Little Prince” is determined. It turned out that only eight Kyŏngsang endings out of 32 studied completely replaced the standard counterparts — there was a total replacement. This indicates that the idiom of “The Little Prince” is mixed or «hybrid». Secondly, for a given pair of endings, the question of compositionality is investigated, i.e., the representability of replacing the ending through the replacement of atomic formatives that make up this ending. It turned out that 14 endings are compositional, 6 endings are not compositional, and 12 endings are compositional in a trivial way, since they consist of one formative.

The article examines the influence of Russian literature, in particular the short stories “Misery” by A.P. Chekhov and “Happiness” by M.P. Artsybashev on the work of Korean writer Hyŏn Jin-gŏn, who made a significant contribution to the formation and development of realism in Korean literature. It explores the intertextual interaction between the short story “A Lucky Day” written by Hyŏn Jin-gŏn in 1924 and the eponymous work written by Yi Mun-yŏl in the postmodern period in 1987. In Korean literary circles, it is generally accepted that Hyŏn Jin-gŏn wrote his story “A Lucky Day” under the impression of A.P. Chekhov’s story “Misery”, borrowing both the theme and the narrative structure from the Russian writer. However, the authors of the article come to the conclusion that the above-mentioned story by Hyŏn Jin-gŏn has much in common with the story “Happiness” by M.P. Artsybashev which Hyŏn Jin-gŏn translated into Korean by himself. The motif of imaginary luck is the leading one both in the story “A Lucky Day” and in the story “Happiness”. And this motif is strongly associated with the phrase “Lucky Day” among modern carriers of Korean culture. The authors of the article also note that Hyŏn Jin-gŏn’s story “A Luchy Day” can be directly compared in terms of tragedy with the story “Rickshaw” published a year later, in 1925, but not with the postmodern story “A Lucky Day” by Yi Mun-yŏl. In their opinion, this story by Yi Mun-yŏl, based on a deliberate reference to the story by Hyŏn Jin-gŏn, remains underestimated in the Republic of Korea, and its main advantage is not the spirit of tragedy, but irony.

The article discusses the main stages of creating and implementing a strategy for building a green economy in the Republic of Korea. The directions of implementation of the principles of sustainable development and green growth in the leading sectors of the economy and the role of the state in this process are analyzed. The financial and institutional drivers of the green growth of the South Korean economy are determined. The goals, objectives, and targets for the implementation of the New Green Course in South Korea for the period 2020–2025 are given.

This article examines the economic policy in the last years of Park Chung-hee’s presidency (second half of the 1970s), ending the period of rapid economic growth and marking the transition to economic deregulation. The period under review is marked by significant political, social and economic changes. In Russian Korean studies, the process of transformation of the economic policy of the Republic of Korea at the turn of the 1970–80s is shown in insufficient detail. This work analyzes the political aspects of the transition from industrialization, built on the budget support of heavy industry, to deregulation of economic in the Republic of Korea during the last years of presidency of Park Chung-hee. Particular attention is paid to the role of economic management institutions in this transformation. The article examines internal and external factors which South Korean economy faced in 1970s (including imbalances resulted from industrialization, 1970s oil shocks, etc.) as well as methods South Korean government utilized to deal with their consequences. The system for making key economic decisions and the discussion around economic policy measures, in particular the role of the Economic Planning Department, are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the stabilization measures announced by Park Chung-hee in 1979, which actually marked the transition to a neoliberal model of economy.

A review of the book: Foreign Policy and Diplomacy of the Republic of Korea / M.P. Kukla, L.E. Kozlov, E.M. Ermolaeva, K.A. Pak, V.I. Voloshchak; under the general editorship of M.P. Kukla. Vladivostok: Far Eastern Federal University Publishing House, 2022. 252 p.